3‐Dimensional Printing of Hydrogel‐Based Nanocomposites: A Comprehensive Review on the Technology Description, Properties, and Applications

Increasing demand for customized implants and tissue scaffolds requires advanced biomaterials fabricating processes three-dimensional (3D) structures that resemble the complexity of extracellular matrix (ECM). Lately, biofabrication approaches such as cell-laden (soft) hydrogel 3D printing (3DP) have been increasing interest in development functional environments similar to natural tissues organs. Hydrogels biological ECMs can provide mechanical support signaling cues cells control their behavior. Although capability hydrogels produce artificial regulate cellular behavior, one major drawbacks working with is inferior properties. Therefore, keeping enhancing integrity fabricated has become an essential matter structures. Herein, 3D-printed hydrogel-based nanocomposites (NCs) are evaluated systematically terms introducing novel techniques 3DP materials, properties, biomedical applications.